Calculate allele and genotype frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Supports allele frequencies, phenotype counts, and genotype counts with chi-square equilibrium testing.
Last updated: March 2, 2026
Calculate allele and genotype frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Supports allele frequencies, phenotype counts, and genotype counts with chi-square equilibrium testing. This tool runs in-browser for fast res…
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p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p is the dominant allele frequency and q is the recessive allele frequency. p² = homozygous dominant (AA), 2pq = heterozygous (Aa), q² = homozygous recessive (aa).
The chi-square test compares observed genotype counts to expected Hardy-Weinberg proportions. If χ² > 3.841 (at α = 0.05, df = 1), the population is not in HW equilibrium, indicating evolutionary forces are acting.
No mutation, random mating, no natural selection, infinitely large population size, and no gene flow (migration). Real populations rarely meet all conditions perfectly.
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p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Leave empty to auto-calculate (q = 1 − p)
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in a population when five conditions are met: no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, infinitely large population, and no gene flow.
In practice, no real population perfectly meets all conditions, but the principle serves as a null model. Deviations from HW equilibrium indicate that evolutionary forces are acting on the population.
The chi-square test (genotype count mode) tests whether observed genotype frequencies significantly deviate from expected HW proportions. With df = 1 and α = 0.05, the critical value is 3.841.